Introduction To TCP/IP Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was created by the Department of Defense (DoD) in 1973 to ensure the data integrity and also to identify to correct person during the catastrophic war. In 1983, TCP/IP replaced all the old protocols and got authorized for the any type of communication taking place in ARPAnet.

TCP/IP is the set of rules which contains unique address to identify the particular device connected to the network. Now as TCP/IP protocol suite  was created by DOD, the model which TCP/IP follows for communication is also called DOD Model. Dod Model or the TCP/IP protocol suite is very similar to the OSI Reference Model. DoD Model consists of 4 layer which are as follows:

1. Process/Application Layer
2. Host-to-Host Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access Layer

The following figure shows the comparison between DoD Model and the OSI Reference Model:

 

The 4 layers of DoD Model does the same thing which is done by the 7 layers of the OSI Reference Model.

The Process/Application layer controls user interface which is done by the above three layers of the OSI Model. The Host-to-Host layer  maintains packet sequencing and data integrity. The Internet layer is similar to the Network layer of the OSI reference Model and does the work of routing the packets among the number of networks. The Network Access layer maintains the data exchange between host and the network which is equivalent to the work done by the DataLink and Physical Layer of the OSI reference Model.

The services provided by the different layer of the Dod model are as follows:

Process/Application Layer

• Telnet - Telnet allows the user to access the resources of another machine remotely
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – FTP protocol allows the user to transfer the files from the FTP server to the machine used by the user. It is actually used for the transformation of file.
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) – This protocol is similar to the FTP but has no directory browsing abilities, it can just send and receive a file.
• Network File System (NFS) – This protocol allows the user to share the files between the computers.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – This protocol is used to send and receive a mail and it uses spooled method of mailing system.
• Line Printer Daemon (LPD) – This protocol is used for the printer sharing.
• X Window – Designed for client/server operations.
• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) – Designed for gathering the various important information of the network devices.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) – Used to view websites and to communicate between server and host.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) – It does the same work like HTTP but this protocol uses SSL Secure Sockets Layer.

Host-to-Host Layer

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – This protocol is used for full duplex communication, and also for small error checking.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – UDP is used for the transportation of the message or information which doesn't require any delivery.

The Internet Layer

1. Internet Protocol (IP) – It consists of physical address as well as logical addresses to identify the machines.
2. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – This protocol gives information about network problems.
3. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – This protocol finds out the Hardware Address of the host from known IP Address.

The Network Access Layer

1. Ethernet – This protocol is used for the communication taking place between two hosts via Ethernet cables.
2. Fast Ethernet – This protocol is same as Ethernet but provides more speed then the Ethernet.

And Network Access Layer contains information of physical addresses and also it converts data into digital form and transports it.

This was whole introduction about the TCP/IP and its services

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